ABSTRACT
Direct involvement of females in high-intensity exercise causes hormonal changes and also affects the menstrual cycle. The duration of the normal reproductive cycle in females is about 26-35 days and divided into different phases. In the absence of pregnancy, menstruation or vaginal bleeding occurs, about 8 days after ovulation which is followed by low estrogen and progesterone levels as well as endometrium deterioration. The purpose was to study the menstrual profile of college girls and compare them between the athletes and non-athletes. The subjects were 30 female college athletes with regular conditioning and 30 sedentary female college girls from West Bengal. The variables were Height, Weight, BMI, Menarche Age, Menstrual Age, Menstruation duration, and Flow rate history of the subjects which were measured by the self-made questionnaire validated by Professors and Doctors. The mean day of the menstrual cycle was 27.5 for athletes and 25.9 for non-athletes. The days of menstrual duration also show normal characteristics in the case of athletes and less than the nonathletes. In the case of flow rate also the athletes show less than their counterparts. The menarche ages are lying in the same age range of 12 to 15 years. More non-athletes (23) have crossed over the normal cycle of 25-28 days than the athletes (17). Athletes (27) have a more normal menstrual duration (3-5 days) than non-athletes (21). Non-athletes (8) suffer a long period of menstrual duration than athletes (1). The flow rate of the non-athletes is more than the athletes. A significant effect of exercise occurred on the menstrual profile of college girls. Significance differences were found in the case of menstrual duration and flow rate between athletes and non-athletes. No significant difference occurred in the case of menarche age between athletes and non-athletes.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the relationship between the age of menarche and the nearterm/long-term obesity in adult women.Methods We analyzed the baseline data of 30 895 women with complete data on menarche and body measurement that was from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study from 2004 to 2008.The age of menarche was divided into three groups:≤12,13-16 and ≥ 17 years old.Prematurity was set at age ≤ 12 years.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the effects of menarche age on the near/long-term obesity in female adults.Results The average menarche age of respondent appeared as (15.64 ± 1.92) years old,with prematurity number as 1 421,accounting for 4.6％ of the total numbers.Regarding the postponing of dates of birth,the age of menarche in women showed an advancing tendency.Among all the adult women under study,803 developed near-term obesity,with the prevalence as 2.6％,while the number of long-term obesity was 3 738,accounting for 12.1％.Refining factors of age,lifestyle,menopausal status,hypertension and diabetes showed that the menarche age was related to the risks of both short-term and long-term obesity in women and the ORs (95％CI) were 2.45 (1.74-3.45) and 1.99 (1.69-2.34),respectively.There was no multiplicative interaction shown between the menarche age and menopausal status on long-term obesity (P=0.324).Conclusion Premature menarche appeared a risk factor for near-term/long-term obesity in adult females.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the relationship between the age of menarche and the nearterm/long-term obesity in adult women.Methods We analyzed the baseline data of 30 895 women with complete data on menarche and body measurement that was from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study from 2004 to 2008.The age of menarche was divided into three groups:≤12,13-16 and ≥ 17 years old.Prematurity was set at age ≤ 12 years.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the effects of menarche age on the near/long-term obesity in female adults.Results The average menarche age of respondent appeared as (15.64 ± 1.92) years old,with prematurity number as 1 421,accounting for 4.6％ of the total numbers.Regarding the postponing of dates of birth,the age of menarche in women showed an advancing tendency.Among all the adult women under study,803 developed near-term obesity,with the prevalence as 2.6％,while the number of long-term obesity was 3 738,accounting for 12.1％.Refining factors of age,lifestyle,menopausal status,hypertension and diabetes showed that the menarche age was related to the risks of both short-term and long-term obesity in women and the ORs (95％CI) were 2.45 (1.74-3.45) and 1.99 (1.69-2.34),respectively.There was no multiplicative interaction shown between the menarche age and menopausal status on long-term obesity (P=0.324).Conclusion Premature menarche appeared a risk factor for near-term/long-term obesity in adult females.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Puberty normally begins after 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys. Objective: To determine the prevalence of signs of precocious puberty (PP), breast development in girls, premature gonadal development (PGD), premature adrenarche (PA), menarche age (MA) and its association with nutritional status (NS). Material and Methods: From a sample of 3.010 children from 5 to 14 years randomly selected in Santiago of Chile were chosen a subsample of 873 kids according to the cutoff to define PP. Survey was applied to obtain MA. Logistic regression were used to evaluate the relationship between PP and NS. Results: In boys the prevalence of PGD and PP was 8.55% and 3.16% respectively, no relationship was found with nutritional status In girls the prevalence of breast development and PA was 8.13% and 0.9% respectively. Only there be association between PP and NS in women: with a prevalence of 1,2%, 13,9% and 21,1% in well-nourished, Overweight and obesity are at greater risk of showing PP compared with eutrophic girls with an OR of 25,5 (IC 95% 3,2-203,0) and 46.93 (IC 95% 6,1-361,5). MA was 12,01 ± 0,94 years in eutrophic girls and 11,40 ± 0,96years in obese girls (p< 0,05). Conclusion: There was a positive correlation in females between overweight and obesity an PP and MA. There is a secular trend in MA, to compare these findings with other national studies. Obesity could have an important role in explaining the advancement observed in pubertal development.
Introducción: El desarrollo puberal se inicia normalmente después de los 8 años en niñas y de los 9 años en varones. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de signos de pubertad precoz (sPP): crecimiento genital (CG) en varones, telarquia en niñas y vello púbico (VP) en ambos sexos; y determinar edad de la menarquia (EM) en una muestra de escolares de Santiago de Chile), y evaluar la asociación de estas variables con el estado nutricional (EN). Material y Métodos: Se examinaron 3.010 escolares de clase media baja de 6 a 14 años, pertenecientes a 10 colegios de Santiago de Chile y seleccionados aleatoriamente. En todos ellos se consignó peso, talla, IMC y desarrollo puberal según Tanner. Se aplicó una encuesta a los padres para obtener la EM a la población total de mujeres (n= 1.433). Para determinar sPP se analizaron por separado los 867 niños (62% mujeres) menores a la edad establecida como puntos de corte para definir PP. Se utilizó regresión logística para determinar la asociación existente entre sPP y el EN. Resultados: En varones la prevalencia de CG y VP fue de 8,55% y 3,16% y no se asocio al EN. La prevalencia de telarquia y VP en niñas fue de 8,13% y 0,9% respectivamente. Se observó una fuerte asociación entre telarquia y EN con prevalencias de 1.2%, 13.9% y 21.1% en eutróficas, sobrepeso y obesas, respectivamente (p< 0,0001) (Gráfico 1). La presencia de sobrepeso y/o obesidad otorgan un mayor riesgo de presentar telarquia, vs comparación con las niñas eutróficas con un OR de 25,5 (IC 95% 3,2-203,0) y 46.93 (IC 95% 6,1-361,5), respectivamente. La EM fue 12,01 ± 0,94 años en niñas eutróficas siendo de 11,40 ± 0,96 años en niñas obesas (p< 0,05). Conclusión: Se observó una correlación positiva solo en el sexo femenino entre malnutrición por exceso, telarquia precoz y EM. Se observa una tendencia secular en la EM al comparar los hallazgos con otros estudios nacionales.